Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

GRID Energy Balance Using V2G Network System

Laura Demas, Carlos Armenta Deu

Abstract


In this work, a simulation process has been developed to evaluate the feasibility of compensating for the excess or shortage of energy in power generation. The simulation is based on the exchange of charge between the electrical network and a network of batteries that equip electric vehicles. The simulation process has taken as a reference study the evolution of energy generation and energy demand for a specific case in a Western European country, using the positive and negative balance between energy generation and energy demand as power flow to and from the battery pack. For the study, a distribution of the type of batteries according to their energy capacity and percentage distribution in the electric vehicle market has been considered. The habits of the people as well as the type of work have also been taken into account for the simulation process, since they condition the period of time in which the energy exchange takes place. The simulation has been applied to a large number of batteries, but also to a small number, to simulate opposite situations in terms of the size of the electric vehicle fleet. The simulation results show that for a large number of batteries, more than half a million, the power shortage during the day, when human activities increase the power demand, can be compensated by the power flow from the vehicle battery pack; however, at night the excess from power generation is not enough to fully recharge the batteries, thus rendering the system unusable. Application of the process to a small fleet of electric vehicles shows that the batteries can be fully recharged, as well as compensating for daytime power shortages. The simulation of the improvement of the energy balance shows that the optimal battery size is 46 kWh for the studied case, although the different daily energy generation and the distribution of the energy demand may change this value

Full Text:

PDF

References


Lithium Batteries: Science and Technology, Gholam-Abbas Nazri, Gianfranco Pistoia, Springer Science & Business Media, 28 dic. 2008

Lithium-Ion Batteries: Basics and Applications, Reiner Korthauer, Springer, 14 feb. 2011

Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Applications, Gianfranco Pistoia, Newnes, 16 dic. 2013

Lithium Batteries: Advanced Technologies and Applications, Bruno Scrosati, K. M. Abraham, Walter A. van Schalkwijk, Jusef Hassoun, John Wiley & Sons, 18 jun. 2013

Battery Reference Book, Crompton T.R., Elsevier, 2000

Handbook of Batteries, 3rd Ed. David Linden and Thomas B. Reddy, McGraw-Hill Handbooks, 2002

Remaining discharge-time prediction for batteries using the Lambert function, F.Quiñones, R.H.Milocco, and S.G.Real, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 400, October 2018

Battery remaining useful life prediction at different discharge rates, Dong Wang, Fangfang Yang, Yang Zhao, Kwok-Leung Tsui, Microelectronics Reliability, Volume 78, November 2017

Design and analysis of capacity models for Lithium-ion battery, Akhil Garg, Xiongbin Peng, My Loan Phung Leb, Kapil Pareek, C.M.M. Chin, Measurement, Volume 120, May 2018

Impact of capacity and discharging rate on battery life time: A stochastic model to support mobile device autonomy planning, Jean Araujo, Rubens Matos, Verônica Conceição, Gabriel Alves, Paulo Maciel, Pervasive and Mobile Computing, Volume 39, August 2017

Successive-approximation algorithm for estimating capacity of Li-ion batteries, Taedong Goh, Minjun Park, Minhwan Seo, Jun Gu Kim, Sang Woo Kim, Energy, Volume 159, September 2018

A battery model for constant-power discharge including rate effects, Mark E.Fuller, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 88, December 2014

A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles, Siang Fui Tie Chee Wei Tan, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 20, April 2013

Review of energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications: Issues and challenges, M.A. Hannan, M.M. Hoque, A. Mohamed, A.Ayob, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 69, March 2017

A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations, M.A. Hannan, M.S.H. Lipu, A. Hussain, A. Mohamed, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 78, October 2017

Samsung SDI Co., LTD Manufacturer’s Name: Samsung SDI Co., LTD Address: 508 Sungsung-Dong, Cheonan-City, Chungcheongnam –Do, Korea, 330-300

Lithium-ion Battery State of Charge/State of Health Estimation Using SMO for EVs, Cheng Lin, Jilei Xing, Aihua Tang, Energy Procedia, Volume 105, May 2017

Capacity effects on the determination of the state-of-charge in lead-acid batteries, Armenta-Déu, C., Renewable Energy, Vol. 4, nº2, 1994

Estudio y caracterización de baterías de litio para aplicaciones de baja potencia, Blasco, R., Master Thesis, UCM, 2016

Lithium Battery Discharge Cutoff Voltage, News & Events, Large Co. Block A, Gosun Science Park, Hongtu Road, Nancheng District, Dongguan, Guangdong, China

Selcuk Atalay, Muhammad Sheikh, Alessandro Mariani, Yu Merla, Ed Bower, W. Dhammika Widanage (2020) Theory of battery ageing in a lithium-ion battery: Capacity fade, nonlinear ageing and lifetime prediction, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 478, 229026

Andrew Carnovale, Xianguo Li (2020) A modeling and experimental study of capacity fade for lithium-ion batteries, Energy and AI, Vol. 2, 100032

M. Lucu, E. Martinez-Laserna, I. Gandiaga, K. Liu, H. Camblong, W.D. Widanage, J. Marco (2020) Data-driven non parametric Li-ion battery ageing model aiming at learning from real operation data–Part A: Storage operation, Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 30, 101409

M. Lucu, E. Martinez-Laserna, I. Gandiaga, K. Liu, H. Camblong, W.D. Widanage, J. Marco (2020) Data-driven non parametric Li-ion battery ageing model aiming at learning from real operation data–Part B: Cycling operation, Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 30, 101410

Capacity correction factor for Li-ion batteries. Armenta-Déu, C., Carriquiry, J.P., Guzmán, S., Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 25, October 2019, 100839

C. Armenta-Déu, J.P. Carriquiry (2020) Application of Statistical Method to Determine Lithium Battery Capacity for Electric Vehicles, Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications, Volume 7, No 2

M. Martínez-Arriaga, C. Armenta-Déu (2020) Simulation of the Performance of Li-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles, Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications, Volume 7, No 3

C. Armenta-Déu, M.H. Olmedilla-Ishishi (2020) Seasonal Variation of Electric Vehicles Autonomy: Application to AC/DC Dual Voltage Operation, Journal of Mechatronics and Automation, Volume 7, No 3

Weixiong Wu, Ruixin Ma, Qian Wang (2020) Impact of low temperature and charge profile on the aging of lithium-ion battery under random variable current, Int. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 170, 121024

Marcus Johnen, Simon Pitzen, Udop Kamps, Maria Kateri, Philipp Dechent, Dirk Uwe Sauer (2021) Modelling long-term capacity degradation of lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 34, 102011

Lutzenhiser, L., & Gossard, M. H. (2000). Lifestyle, status and energy consumption. Proceedings American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. Washington, DC, 207-222.

Guizot, A. (2007). Chinese energy market. New York.

Crompton, P., & Wu, Y. (2005). Energy consumption in China: past trends and future directions. Energy economics, 27(1), 195-208.

Alamri, B., Hossain, M., & Asghar, M. S. (2021). Electric Power Network Interconnection: A Review on Current Status, Future Prospects and Research Direction. Electronics, 10(17), 2179.

Voropai, N., Podkovalnikov, S., & Osintsev, K. (2018). From interconnections of local electric power systems to Global Energy Interconnection. Global Energy Interconnection, 1(1), 4-10.

Meslier, F. TRANSMISSION AND INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS.

Wang, H. (2019). Epidemic Spreading on Interconnected Networks. In Multilevel Strategic Interaction Game Models for Complex Networks (pp. 131-145). Springer, Cham.

Bacher, R., Brauner, G., Brumshagen, H., Freund, H., & Graf, R. F. (2001). The European interconnected grids in a changing environment. Electrical Engineering, 83(5), 235-241.

Yun, W. C., & Zhang, Z. X. (2006). Electric power grid interconnection in Northeast Asia. Energy Policy, 34(15), 2298-2309.

Karaki, S., Chaaban, F., Chedid, R., Mezher, T., Hamzeh, A., Harb, A., & Yahia, A. R. (2005). Electric energy access in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. In Proceedings of International Conference on Energy Research and Development (ICERD-3), Kuwait.

Bhattacharyya, S., Myrzik, J. M. A., & Kling, W. L. (2007, September). Consequences of poor power quality-an overview. In 2007 42nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (pp. 651-656). IEEE.

Adenikinju, A. F. (2003). Electric infrastructure failures in Nigeria: a survey-based analysis of the costs and adjustment responses. Energy policy, 31(14), 1519-1530.

https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-generation?tab=table&time=earliest..2020

Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser and Pablo Rosado (2020) - "Energy". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/energy' [Online Resource]

Max Roser (2020) The World’s Energy Problem. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: ‘https:// https://ourworldindata.org/worlds-energy-problem ‘ [Online Resource]

Our World in Data. Global Change Data Lab. (GCDL). Charity Number 1186433. England and Wales. https://ourworldindata.org

Gagne, D. A., Settle, D. E., Aznar, A. Y., & Bracho, R. (2018). Demand Response Compensation Methodologies: Case Studies for Mexico (No. NREL/TP-7A40-71431). National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States).

Guney, M. S., & Tepe, Y. (2017). Classification and assessment of energy storage systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 1187-1197.

Tan, K. M., Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., & Yong, J. Y. (2016). Integration of electric vehicles in smart grid: A review on vehicle to grid technologies and optimization techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 720-732.

Chen, N., Ma, J., Wang, M., & Shen, X. (2018). Two-tier energy compensation framework based on mobile vehicular electric storage. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 67(12), 11719-11732.

Xiaoliang, H., Yoichi, H., & Tosiyoki, H. (2014, September). Bidirectional power flow control for battery super capacitor hybrid energy system for electric vehicles with in-wheel motors. In 2014 16th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference and Exposition (pp. 1078-1083). IEEE.

Madawala, U. K., & Thrimawithana, D. J. (2011). A bidirectional inductive power interface for electric vehicles in V2G systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 58(10), 4789-4796.

Chau, K. T., & Wong, Y. S. (2002). Overview of power management in hybrid electric vehicles. Energy conversion and management, 43(15), 1953-1968.

Qin, D., Sun, Q., Wang, R., Ma, D., & Liu, M. (2020). Adaptive bidirectional droop control for electric vehicles parking with vehicle-to-grid service in microgrid. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, 6(4), 793-805.

Georgiev, M., Stanev, R., & Krusteva, A. (2019, June). Optimized power flow control of smart grids with electric vehicles and DER. In 2019 16th Conference on Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems (ELMA) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

Habib, S., Khan, M. M., Huawei, J., Hashmi, K., Faiz, M. T., & Tang, H. (2018, February). A study of implemented international standards and infrastructural system for electric vehicles. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT) (pp. 1783-1788). IEEE.

de Souza Pelegrino, L. S., Heldwein, M. L., & Waltrich, G. (2020). Integrated system for power flow control between electric vehicle, utility grid and residence. IET Power Electronics, 13(5), 953-960.

Green Car Reports. https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1131835_mass-market-vw-evs-will-have-bidirectional-charging-starting-in-2022 (accessed online 31/05/2022)

Justin Fischer (2022) Which Models Have Bidirectional Charging and V2L?, https://joinyaa.com/guides/what-is-bidirectional-charging/#Which_Models_Have_Bidirectional_Charging_and_V2L (accessed online 01/06/2022)

IEEE Spectrum. Ford, Volkswagen, and GM Explore EV-Powered. https://spectrum.ieee.org/vehicle-to-home-electricity (accessed online 30/05/2022)

Hao, X., Wang, H., Lin, Z., & Ouyang, M. (2020). Seasonal effects on electric vehicle energy consumption and driving range: A case study on personal, taxi, and ridesharing vehicles. Journal of Cleaner Production, 249, 119403.

Jung, H., Silva, R., & Han, M. (2018). Scaling trends of electric vehicle performance: Driving range, fuel economy, peak power output, and temperature effect. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 9(4), 46.

Iora, P., & Tribioli, L. (2019). Effect of ambient temperature on electric vehicles’ energy consumption and range: Model definition and sensitivity analysis based on nissan leaf data. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 10(1), 2.

Smuts, M., Scholtz, B., & Wesson, J. (2017, July). A critical review of factors influencing the remaining driving range of electric vehicles. In 2017 1st International Conference on Next Generation Computing Applications (NextComp) (pp. 196-201). IEEE.

Zhou, L., Zheng, Y., Ouyang, M., & Lu, L. (2017). A study on parameter variation effects on battery packs for electric vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 364, 242-252.

Liu, G., Lu, L., Li, J., & Ouyang, M. (2013, October). Thermal modeling of a LiFePO 4/graphite battery and research on the influence of battery temperature rise on EV driving range estimation. In 2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

Liu, K., Wang, J., Yamamoto, T., & Morikawa, T. (2018). Exploring the interactive effects of ambient temperature and vehicle auxiliary loads on electric vehicle energy consumption. Applied Energy, 227, 324-331.

Younes, Z., Boudet, L., Suard, F., Gérard, M., & Rioux, R. (2013, May). Analysis of the main factors influencing the energy consum

Al-Wreikat, Y., Serrano, C., & Sodré, J. R. (2021). Driving behaviour and trip condition effects on the energy consumption of an electric vehicle under real-world driving. Applied Energy, 297, 117096.

Zhi-yong, R. (2019, December). Research on influence factors affecting driving range of flame-proof battery electric vehicles. In 2019 IEEE 4th Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC) (Vol. 1, pp. 1982-1986). IEEE

Jeffers, M. A., Chaney, L., & Rugh, J. P. (2015). Climate control load reduction strategies for electric drive vehicles in warm weather (Vol. 1, No. NREL/CP-5400-63551). National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States).

Yuksel, T., Tamayao, M. A. M., Hendrickson, C., Azevedo, I. M., & Michalek, J. J. (2016). Effect of regional grid mix, driving patterns and climate on the comparative carbon footprint of gasoline and plug-in electric vehicles in the United States. Environmental Research Letters, 11(4), 044007.

Mao, S., Han, M., Han, X., Shao, J., Lu, Y., Lu, L., & Ouyang, M. (2021). Analysis and Improvement Measures of Driving Range Attenuation of Electric Vehicles in Winter. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 12(4), 239.

Wang, J., Besselink, I., & Nijmeijer, H. (2015). Electric vehicle energy consumption modelling and prediction based on road information. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 7(3), 447-458.

German, R., Shili, S., Desreveaux, A., Sari, A., Venet, P., & Bouscayrol, A. (2019). Dynamical coupling of a battery electro-thermal model and the traction model of an EV for driving range simulation. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 69(1), 328-337.

Mimberg, G., & Massonet, C. (2017, April). Battery concept to minimize the climate-related reduction of electric vehicles driving range. In 2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

Armenta-Déu, C., & Cattin, E. (2021). Real Driving Range in Electric Vehicles: Influence on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emissions. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 12(4), 166.

Huang, Y.; Lai, H. Effects of discharge rate on electrochemical and thermal characteristics of LiFePO4/graphite battery. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2019, 157, 113744.

Shuai Ma, Modi Jiang, Peng Tao, Chengyi Song, Jianbo Wu, Jun Wang, Tao Deng, Wen Shang (2018) Temperature effect and thermal impact in lithium-ion batteries: A review, Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, Volume 28, Issue 6, Pages 653-666

O. Erdinc; B. Vural; M. Uzunoglu (2009) A dynamic lithium-ion battery model considering the effects of temperature and capacity fading, International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, 9-11 June 2009, IEEE Xplore, INSPEC Accession Number: 10846435, DOI: 10.1109/ICCEP.2009.5212025

Todd M. Bandhauer, Srinivas Garimella, Thomas F. Fuller (2011) A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Volume 158, Number 3

Dongxu Ouyang, Yaping He, Jingwen Weng, Jiahao Liu, Mingyi Chen and Jian Wang (2019) Influence of low temperature conditions on lithium-ion batteries and the application of an insulation material, RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 9053-9066, DOI: 10.1039/C9RA00490D

Jeffrey R.Belt, Chinh D.Ho, Ted J.Miller, M. Ahsan Habib, Tien Q.Duong (2005) The effect of temperature on capacity and power in cycled lithium ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 142, Issues 1–2, Pages 354-360

Yi, Z., & Bauer, P. H. (2017). Effects of environmental factors on electric vehicle energy consumption: a sensitivity analysis. IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, 7(1), 3-13.

Yannic Troxler, Billy Wu, Monica Marinescu, Vladimir Yufit, Yatish Patel, Andrew J.Marquis, Nigel P.Brandon, Gregory J.Offer (2014) The effect of thermal gradients on the performance of lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 247, 1 Pages 1018-1025

C. Armenta-Déu, B. Giorgi (2022) Influence of Climatic Changes onto the Performance of Electric Vehicles,

https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/hdi-by-country (Accessed online: 22/06/2022)


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.